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Seismic Microzonation in Fresno: Site-Specific Ground Motion Analysis

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In Fresno, we see a recurring pattern that keeps engineers up at night: structural designs based on generalized county-level hazard maps that completely miss the alluvial fan complexities beneath the site. The San Joaquin Valley isn't uniform—it is a deep sedimentary basin where the impedance contrast between soft near-surface deposits and stiffer Pleistocene layers can amplify seismic waves in ways that a zip-code approach simply ignores. We combine MASW surveys for Vs30 profiling with deep borehole data to capture the actual site response. Fresno sits about 50 km from the San Andreas Fault, but the real story is local: Quaternary alluvium overlying the Tulare Formation creates resonance frequencies that affect mid-rise structures far more than rock-outcrop models predict. This is what microzonation solves.

A basin-edge effect measured 3 km from your site can double the short-period spectral acceleration compared to the USGS NSHM value—we’ve documented it in eastern Fresno.

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Methodology and scope

ASCE 7-22 Section 11.4.8 and Chapter 21 of the California Building Code explicitly permit site-specific ground motion analysis when Site Class D or E defaults are too conservative—or not conservative enough. In downtown Fresno, borehole data often reveals interbedded silty sands with SPT N-values bouncing between 8 and 22 within the upper 15 meters, which pushes the weighted average Vs toward a borderline Site Class D/E condition. We run iterative equivalent-linear analysis in DEEPSOIL or Strata, layering the measured shear wave velocities from downhole seismic testing and the strain-compatible modulus reduction curves from our resonant column tests. The output is a surface response spectrum tailored to the parcel, not to a 1-km grid cell. This is mandatory for essential facilities under OSHPD jurisdiction and increasingly requested by Fresno County plan reviewers for any structure over four stories.
Seismic Microzonation in Fresno: Site-Specific Ground Motion Analysis
Technical reference — Fresno

Local considerations

The Kings River alluvial fan dominates Fresno’s subsurface, and with it comes lens-shaped deposits of loose saturated sand at depths between 6 and 12 meters. During the 1983 Coalinga event, accelerographs in the Central Valley recorded amplifications of 2.5x to 4x on soft soil sites compared to nearby rock stations. A microzonation study without a liquefaction screening component is incomplete in this region. We run the standard SPT-based procedure with fines content correction from wash-gradation curves, mapping the factor of safety against liquefaction across the footprint of the project. Several infill development parcels near Highway 99 have shown FoS values below 1.1 under MCE-level shaking, requiring ground improvement or deep foundation strategies. That is the kind of finding that changes a construction budget—and it only surfaces when the analysis goes beyond the desktop.

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Explanatory video

Applicable standards

ASCE/SEI 7-22 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures, 2022 California Building Code (CBC), Title 24, Part 2, Chapter 16A, ASTM D7400-19 Standard Test Methods for Downhole Seismic Testing, NCEER-97-0022 (Youd et al., 2001) Summary Report on Liquefaction Evaluation

Technical parameters

ParameterTypical value
Vs30 characterization methodMASW + downhole cross-check (ASTM D7400 / D4428)
Target spectrum5%-damped MCEr horizontal response, Site Class per ASCE 7-22 §11.4
Basin amplification factorDependent on Z2.5 depth; Fresno basin typically Z2.5 > 1.5 km
Nonlinear site response codeDEEPSOIL v7 or Strata, frequency domain EQL with pore pressure option
Input ground motions11 pairs from PEER NGA-West2, magnitude-distance deaggregation matched
Liquefaction triggering (if applicable)NCEER/Youd-Idriss (2001) with SPT-based FoS per depth
Hazard level outputBSE-2N, BSE-1N, BSE-2E spectral ordinates at 0.01–5.0 s

Frequently asked questions

At what project stage should a microzonation study be commissioned in Fresno?

Ideally during schematic design, before the foundation strategy is fixed. The site-specific spectrum often reduces the design base shear compared to the default Site Class D envelope, which can trim structural costs. If the study is delayed until permitting, you risk plan-check comments that push the schedule back by 4–6 weeks while the analysis runs and peer review is completed.

How does the deep basin structure east of Fresno affect short-period structures?

The Tulare Formation dips westward and creates a velocity gradient that traps body waves. For structures with periods around 0.2–0.5 seconds—think 2- to 5-story steel moment frames—basin-edge amplification can increase spectral ordinates by 30–50% over the USGS uniform-hazard spectrum. We quantify this with 2D site response profiles along strike-perpendicular transects when the basin edge is within 5 km of the site.

Can you use existing geotechnical borehole data for the microzonation, or do you need new drilling?

We can incorporate legacy SPT logs if the borings were logged under ASTM D1586 with hammer energy calibration. However, for the Vs profile we almost always recommend a new MASW line and at least one downhole verification boring, because older reports rarely contain shear wave data. The cost of one additional boring is small compared to the design implications of an incorrect Site Class.

What is the typical budget range for a seismic microzonation study in Fresno County?

For a parcel-scale study covering 1–5 acres, the budget generally falls between US$3,920 and US$16,580, depending on the number of MASW lines, the depth of verification borings, and whether a liquefaction LPI map is required. Larger industrial sites with multiple soil profiles or 3D basin modeling push toward the upper end of that range.

Location and service area

We serve projects across Fresno and surrounding areas.

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